Tutorial

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C Structures

Structure is a user-defined datatype in C language which allows us to combine data of different types together. Structure helps to construct a complex data type which is more meaningful. It is somewhat similar to an Array, but an array holds data of similar type only. But structure on the other hand, can store data of any type, which is practical more useful.

For example: If I have to write a program to store Student information, which will have Student's name, age, branch, permanent address, father's name etc, which included string values, integer values etc, how can I use arrays for this problem, I will require something which can hold data of different types together.

In structure, data is stored in form of records.

Defining a structure

struct keyword is used to define a structure. struct defines a new data type which is a collection of primary and derived datatypes.

Syntax:

struct [structure_tag]
{
    //member variable 1
    //member variable 2
    //member variable 3
    ...
}[structure_variables];

As you can see in the syntax above, we start with the struct keyword, then it's optional to provide your structure a name, we suggest you to give it a name, then inside the curly braces, we have to mention all the member variables, which are nothing but normal C language variables of different types like int, float, array etc.

After the closing curly brace, we can specify one or more structure variables, again this is optional.

Note: The closing curly brace in the structure type declaration must be followed by a semicolon(;).

Example of Structure

struct Student
{
    char name[25];
    int age;
    char branch[10];
    // F for female and M for male
    char gender;
};

Here struct Student declares a structure to hold the details of a student which consists of 4 data fields, namely name, age, branch and gender. These fields are called structure elements or members.

Each member can have different datatype, like in this case, name is an array of char type and age is of int type etc. Student is the name of the structure and is called as the structure tag.

Declaring Structure Variables

It is possible to declare variables of a structure, either along with structure definition or after the structure is defined. Structure variable declaration is similar to the declaration of any normal variable of any other datatype. Structure variables can be declared in following two ways:

1) Declaring Structure variables separately

struct Student
{
    char name[25];
    int age;
    char branch[10];
    //F for female and M for male
    char gender;
};

struct Student S1, S2;      //declaring variables of struct Student

2) Declaring Structure variables with structure definition

struct Student
{
    char name[25];
    int age;
    char branch[10];
    //F for female and M for male
    char gender;
}S1, S2;

Here S1 and S2 are variables of structure Student. However this approach is not recommended.

Accessing Structure Members

Structure members can be accessed and assigned values in a number of ways. Structure members have no meaning individually without the structure. In order to assign a value to any structure member, the member name must be linked with the structure variable using a dot . operator also called period or member access operator.

For example:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

struct Student
{
    char name[25];
    int age;
    char branch[10];
    //F for female and M for male
    char gender;
};

int main()
{
    struct Student s1;

    /*
        s1 is a variable of Student type and 
        age is a member of Student
    */
    s1.age = 18;
    /*
        using string function to add name
    */
    strcpy(s1.name, "Raju");
    /*
        displaying the stored values
    */
    printf("Name of Student 1: %s\n", s1.name);
    printf("Age of Student 1: %d\n", s1.age);

    return 0;
}


**Output**

Name of Student 1: Raju
Age of Student 1: 18

We can also use scanf() to give values to structure members through terminal.

scanf(" %s ", s1.name);
scanf(" %d ", &s1.age);

Structure Initialization

Like a variable of any other datatype, structure variable can also be initialized at compile time.

struct Patient
{
    float height;
    int weight;  
    int age; 
};

struct Patient p1 = { 180.75 , 73, 23 };    //initialization

or,

struct Patient p1;
p1.height = 180.75;     //initialization of each member separately
p1.weight = 73;
p1.age = 23;

Array of Structure

We can also declare an array of structure variables. in which each element of the array will represent a structure variable.

Example : struct employee emp[5];

The example program below defines an array emp of size 5. Each element of the array emp is of type Employee.

#include<stdio.h>

struct Employee
{
    char ename[10];
    int sal;
};

struct Employee emp[5];
int i, j;
void ask()
{
    for(i = 0; i < 3; i++)
    {
        printf("\nEnter %dst Employee record:\n", i+1);
        printf("\nEmployee name:\t");
        scanf("%s", emp[i].ename);
        printf("\nEnter Salary:\t");
        scanf("%d", &emp[i].sal);
    }
    printf("\nDisplaying Employee record:\n");
    for(i = 0; i < 3; i++)
    {
        printf("\nEmployee name is %s", emp[i].ename);
        printf("\nSlary is %d", emp[i].sal);
    }
}
int main()
{
    ask();
    return 0;
}

Nested Structures

Nesting of structures, is also permitted in C language. Nested structures means, that one structure has another stucture as member variable.

Example:

struct Student
{
    char[30] name;
    int age;
    /* here Address is a structure */
    struct Address
    {
        char[50] locality;
        char[50] city;
        int pincode;        
    }addr;
};

Structure as Function Arguments

We can pass a structure as a function argument just like we pass any other variable or an array as a function argument.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

struct Student
{
    char name[10];
    int roll;
};

void show(struct Student st);

int main()
{
    struct Student std;
    printf("\nEnter Student record:\n");
    printf("\nStudent name:\t");
    scanf("%s", std.name);
    printf("\nEnter Student rollno.:\t");
    scanf("%d", &std.roll);
    show(std);
    return 0;
}

void show(struct Student st)
{
    printf("\nstudent name is %s", st.name);
    printf("\nroll is %d", st.roll);
}

Exercises

Write a C program using structures for the following scenarios

1. When you make a long-distance call, the information stored by the telephone company includes the date and time you made the call. It also includes three phone numbers: the phone you use, the phone you call, and the phone you pay for. Each of these phone numbers is composed of three parts: area code, switchboard, and number. Write a program in C, using structures to get all the details from the user and print the same.

2. Define the structure "student" and ask the user to enter N students' name, school number, three courses. Create a function average(). Pass the created structure to the function average() and output average scores of the students in the function.

3. Keeping qn 2 as reference, Update the student structure to include a floating value *average* which will store the average marks in the 3 subjects for that student. create another function sort() that will sort all students in ascending order of their average marks in 3 subjects. 

4. Augment the student structure created in Qn 3 with a new field "Address" which will store the address of the student. However, the address may also have the subparts as street number, city, state, and pin code. Hence, to store the address of the student, we need to store the address of the student into a separate structure and nest the structure address into the student structure. Write another function displayAddress() which will display the student addresses along with their names.